雅思寫(xiě)作如何采取中間立場(chǎng)立論

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雅思寫(xiě)作如何采取中間立場(chǎng)立論

首先我們得明確什么是中間立場(chǎng)，所謂中間立場(chǎng)立論就是指對(duì)于argument類型的文章的正反兩方觀點(diǎn)都進(jìn)行徹底地、充分地論述，并給出自己的觀點(diǎn)。而不是像一邊倒策略中只對(duì)自己傾向的一方觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行相對(duì)多地、犀利地論述。其次，采取中間立場(chǎng)對(duì)于不同的題型又意味著需要采取不同策略。本文只通過(guò)是否同意型題目進(jìn)行中間立場(chǎng)立論方法的論述。

即：Do you agree or disagree?/ To what extent do you agree or disagree?

比起其他兩種題目類型(雙方觀點(diǎn)討論型、優(yōu)劣討論型)，這種題目更像是寫(xiě)在紙上的辯論。與真正辯論不同，采取中間立場(chǎng)對(duì)于烤鴨來(lái)說(shuō)意味著要同時(shí)扮演正方和反方，提出觀點(diǎn)并加以證明。題干陳述一個(gè)有爭(zhēng)議的話題，然后要求烤鴨選擇自己的立場(chǎng)(正、反、中立)。采取中間立場(chǎng)意味著對(duì)正方和反方觀點(diǎn)分別進(jìn)行充分的論述。在這種題型中，正方觀點(diǎn)段落在陳述了其觀點(diǎn)之后，反方觀點(diǎn)段落則對(duì)正方進(jìn)行反駁或瓦解其合理性。成功的立論在于烤鴨們是否能夠站在正反兩方主張的立場(chǎng)上構(gòu)思出合理并且有邏輯的觀點(diǎn)和支持句。以下我們?cè)敿?xì)講述如何在是否同意型題目中建立正反方觀點(diǎn)的技巧。

一. 正方觀點(diǎn)的建立方法

大家在平時(shí)練習(xí)寫(xiě)作的時(shí)候可以練習(xí)使用這些方法以便在考試的時(shí)候可以快速想出有說(shuō)服力的論點(diǎn)。

方法：分析

分析的過(guò)程是生成idea的過(guò)程，需要大家把腦洞打開(kāi)，盡情發(fā)揮你們的想象力和邏輯思維。 那么如何才能生成足夠具有邏輯的ideas(論點(diǎn))來(lái)支撐你的觀點(diǎn)呢?這里所有的技巧都在于focus在一個(gè)很簡(jiǎn)單的問(wèn)題why?上。這個(gè)問(wèn)題能夠作為思維的催化劑來(lái)提示我們更好的建立論點(diǎn)來(lái)支撐一個(gè)主張。在這個(gè)過(guò)程中，你可以從深度和廣度兩個(gè)方面來(lái)具體操作。

1. 深度

深度的方面來(lái)看，首先需要對(duì)正方的一個(gè)主張?zhí)岢鲆粋€(gè)觀點(diǎn)，然后對(duì)這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)提問(wèn)why?，對(duì)于這個(gè)問(wèn)題的回答就是你對(duì)這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)的支持;隨后繼續(xù)對(duì)上一個(gè)回答提問(wèn)why?，進(jìn)而得到更深程度的支持，不斷的提問(wèn)自己why然后進(jìn)行回答，直到你認(rèn)為你對(duì)why的回答已經(jīng)達(dá)到足夠接近于一個(gè)普通的、被廣為接受的、相對(duì)正確的陳述，這個(gè)陳述我個(gè)人叫它基本陳述。舉個(gè)Task 2 的例子：

Professional workers like doctors, nurses and teachers make a greater contribution to society and so should be paid more than sports and entertainment personalities. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

拿到題目首先選擇正方立場(chǎng)并立論，即：對(duì)社會(huì)有貢獻(xiàn)的專業(yè)人士應(yīng)該比娛樂(lè)明星獲得更多的報(bào)酬。(Experts like doctors, nurses, engineer who contribute tremendously to the society should be paid more than super stars who contribute less to the society.)

接著不斷提問(wèn)why?來(lái)產(chǎn)生以下思路：

思路想好了之后就開(kāi)始從最后一點(diǎn)(廣為接受的觀點(diǎn))即基本陳述開(kāi)始反方向陳述，得到的觀點(diǎn)段看起來(lái)應(yīng)該是這樣的:

The quality of life serves as a guarantee of entertainment. If a person suffers a serious illness and there are no good doctors to treat him well, he will not be in the mood to enjoy an excellent football match. (加入細(xì)節(jié)例子進(jìn)行支持)As a result, the standard of living is far more important than the value of entertainment. Social experts like doctors and teachers devote themselves to elevate the quality of life in the society. For example, teachers teach students well so that they can they can have a bright future. Consequently, they deserve much more payment than superstars and athletes.

2. 廣度

或者，從廣度的方面去思考原因也可以達(dá)到生成ideas的效果。與深度的方式不同，廣度的思維是要提問(wèn)why else?。即對(duì)于一個(gè)主張?zhí)釂?wèn)還有什么原因能夠支持此主張下的觀點(diǎn)。例如：還有哪些原因可以支持社會(huì)專家應(yīng)該得到比娛樂(lè)明星更多的工資?因?yàn)樯鐣?huì)專家們對(duì)社會(huì)有著很大的經(jīng)濟(jì)貢獻(xiàn)，而體育明星相對(duì)較少(why else?)因?yàn)樯鐣?huì)專家提升了環(huán)境質(zhì)量，使我們生活呼吸新鮮的空氣(why else?)因?yàn)榻o社會(huì)專家更多金錢上的鼓勵(lì)可以解決他們的后顧之憂，從而能使他們更好的貢獻(xiàn)社會(huì)使人類進(jìn)步(why else?).... 很多烤鴨們由于自身知識(shí)面的不足或者由于考場(chǎng)緊張的緣故，思考不出why else?的答案。以下這個(gè)表格就給出了任何涉及argument類型題目時(shí)可供思考的領(lǐng)域，這些領(lǐng)域作為烤鴨們探索思路的起點(diǎn)，可以對(duì)思路和論點(diǎn)提供很多質(zhì)料。

思考角度	思考內(nèi)容
Cultural	關(guān)于身份認(rèn)同感
Economic	關(guān)于金錢
Educational	關(guān)于教育
Environmental	關(guān)于環(huán)境
Legal	關(guān)于社會(huì)法則所規(guī)定的義務(wù)和權(quán)力
Moral	關(guān)于道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
Rights	關(guān)于權(quán)力的運(yùn)用
Security	關(guān)于（國(guó)家、個(gè)人）安全
Welfare	關(guān)于公共健康和幸福感

從廣度的方面思考論點(diǎn)之后的正方論點(diǎn)段落應(yīng)該是這樣的

First, unlike entertainment figures, social experts contribute the society by increasing the economy such as those financial professionals in Wall Street but what superstars do is barely keeping audience amused without contributing to GDP substantially. Besides, environmentally speaking, social experts identify environmental problems and provide solutions to them, which made them the main contributors of a better society with healthy conditions. Finally, paying more to elites instead of entertainment figures is a pragmatic approach to increase the utility of social elites because it could ease their financial burdens so that they could better concentrate on their works.

二. 反方觀點(diǎn)的建立方法

反方觀點(diǎn)段的內(nèi)容主要是對(duì)正方觀點(diǎn)的反駁，主要在于對(duì)正方觀點(diǎn)形式和內(nèi)容上的批判和懷疑，以至于使正方觀點(diǎn)的弱點(diǎn)和不合理之處浮出水面。當(dāng)然，也不必對(duì)正方主張的每一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)都進(jìn)行批判和反駁，只是針對(duì)那些邏輯上錯(cuò)誤明顯的觀點(diǎn)。

方法：運(yùn)用可接受性

可接受性是我們主要用來(lái)反駁正方觀點(diǎn)的武器，當(dāng)然除了這種方法，還有很多，由于篇幅原因，此篇文章只列出此種。所謂可接受性是指：批判和懷疑正方觀點(diǎn)的論據(jù)是否是合理的，而并非去批判和懷疑正方的觀點(diǎn)(或主張)。例如，烤鴨們大可不必去論證我們給社會(huì)精英的回報(bào)不應(yīng)當(dāng)超過(guò)體育、娛樂(lè)明星。而是去批判或懷疑(之前正方觀點(diǎn)提到的論據(jù))生活質(zhì)量是娛樂(lè)的保證。通過(guò)瓦解此論點(diǎn)的合理性，會(huì)使整個(gè)建立在正方論據(jù)的觀點(diǎn)都有所動(dòng)搖，從而起到反駁的作用。

如何利用可接受性，有兩種方式

1. 證明正方論據(jù)不充足

這種方法主要用來(lái)說(shuō)明正方觀點(diǎn)對(duì)why?的回答不夠充分，通常對(duì)正方觀點(diǎn)的基本陳述進(jìn)行反駁。例如：正方觀點(diǎn)的基本陳述是生活質(zhì)量是娛樂(lè)的保證，如果生活質(zhì)量不好，娛樂(lè)就無(wú)從談起。(the quality of life serve as a guarantee of entertainment.)。所以對(duì)這句話最好的反駁就是：Everyone has the individual's right/autonomy/freedom of choice to enjoy himself even if under the bad conditions.(任何人對(duì)于娛樂(lè)都有選擇自由，即使一個(gè)人的生活質(zhì)量很差)。這句話主要是對(duì)正方論點(diǎn)生活質(zhì)量是娛樂(lè)的保證，如果生活質(zhì)量不好，娛樂(lè)就無(wú)從談起。的絕對(duì)性發(fā)起的質(zhì)疑，從而瓦解了這句話的合理性。

2. 證明正方論據(jù)不正確

這種方式的原理在于懷疑正方論據(jù)的正確性，大多數(shù)情況下這種正確性指因果關(guān)系的合理與否。正方主張認(rèn)為A導(dǎo)致B，反方則試圖說(shuō)明A不能、不一定或者一定不會(huì)導(dǎo)致B。例如：之前正方的觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為：因?yàn)檫@些社會(huì)精英對(duì)社會(huì)的貢獻(xiàn)更有價(jià)值，使人們的生活水平有所提高。這句話的因果關(guān)系在于A (因?yàn)橛羞@些人的貢獻(xiàn))導(dǎo)致B(人們的生活水平有所提高)。所以只要破壞這句話的因果關(guān)系就起到了反駁的效果。所以反方觀點(diǎn)可以論述：Better standard of living means people own both of prosperity of material and a good mood. Unfortunately, social experts can only contribute their knowledge in increasing the physical success in our society like the rise of GDP. Consequently, by their effort only, our quality of life cannot be improved. (這句話則破壞了正方觀點(diǎn)的因果關(guān)系，即因?yàn)橹挥猩鐣?huì)精英的貢獻(xiàn)是不足以導(dǎo)致人們生活水平的提高，還得依靠體育、娛樂(lè)明星的力量) To make people happy, the value of entertaining celebrities cannot be underestimated.

所以，使用以上方法，反方觀點(diǎn)段落看起來(lái)應(yīng)該是這樣：

To some degree, social elites elevate the quality of life, which is more important thing to consider. But people have freedom of choices to enjoy themselves even if they are under a bad condition. To some people, the value of entertainment greatly outweighs that of the material satisfaction. Besides, better standard of living means people own both of prosperity of material and a good mood. Unfortunately, social experts can only contribute their knowledge in increasing the physical success in our society like the rise of GDP. Consequently, by their effort only, our quality of life cannot be improved. To make our lives better, the value of entertaining celebrities cannot be underestimated.

整篇文章的正反方段落組合在一起應(yīng)該是這樣的：

The quality of life serves as a guarantee of entertainment. If a person suffers a serious illness and there are no good doctors to treat him well, he will not be in the mood to enjoy an excellent football match. As a result, the standard of living is far more important than the value of entertainment. Social experts like doctors and teachers devote themselves to elevate the quality of life in the society. For example, teachers teach students well so that they can they can have a bright future. As a result, they deserve much more payment than superstars and athletes.

To some degree, social elites elevate the quality of life, which is more important thing to consider. But people have freedom of choices to enjoy themselves even if they are under a bad condition. To some people, the value of entertainment greatly outweighs that of the material satisfaction. Besides, better standard of living means people own both of prosperity of material and a good mood. Unfortunately, social experts can only contribute their knowledge in increasing the physical success in our society like the rise of GDP. Consequently, by their effort only, our quality of life cannot be improved. To make our lives better, the value of entertaining celebrity cannot be underestimated.

通過(guò)使用上述幾種技巧和方法寫(xiě)出的正反方段落更具有邏輯性，很多人會(huì)認(rèn)為使用這種復(fù)雜的思維邏輯方法會(huì)使整個(gè)task 2構(gòu)思過(guò)程變得繁瑣。其實(shí)，只要在考試前熟練運(yùn)用這些技巧進(jìn)行練習(xí)，烤鴨們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)有邏輯的論點(diǎn)很容易構(gòu)思。從而在考場(chǎng)上做到從容面對(duì)中立型agree or disagree題目的立論。這也正是coherence這個(gè)評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求烤鴨們達(dá)到的。

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